Combustion of sulfur components of fossil fuels such as oil causes the emission of SO2 in the atmosphere. Sulfur components are one of the important factors in pollution of the atmosphere due to the formation of acidic rain in the environment. Conventional approach for desulfurization of oil is chemical procedure of hydro desulfurization (HDS). However, this procedure has low efficiency for desulfurization of ring components of sulfur such as dibenzothiophene (DBT). Thus the new methods such as biodesulfurization were proposed for desulfurization of ring components of sulfur.Biodesulfurization is a non-destructive method that it can remove sulfur from of hydrocarbons of petroleum in the mild conditions and it can be potentially used as complementary method with HDS. For industrial application of biodesulfurization, this approach need to isolation of new desulfurization bacteria and increasing desulfurization activity of them by genetic engineering methods. In this review, we are evaluated biodesulfurization method and advances of it in the two last decades.

Iran as a rapidly developing country, whose economy is enriched by oil and gas exports, has to integrate Green Economy concept into its energy sector. In order to integrate environmental concerns into energy sector, an Energy-Environment Review (EER) was considered as the mainstreaming tool capable of examining the interface between energy and the environment. The results of the EER should be interpreted, in the light of the objective of the Five-Year Development Plan in Iran, to achieve fast and sustainable green growth and accelerate the transition to a market economy. The proposed actions will promote economic efficiency, use of energy resources through a proper allocation of scarce resources, including environmental resources, so as to achieve economic efficiency and environmental and social protection. This article updates trends in Iran and provides: to be stated continuously (i) an analysis of the current situation with regards to energy production and consumption; (ii) an evaluation of the growth prospects; (iii) the identification of environmental issues induced by the generation and use of energy and estimation of the associated costs of damages; (iv) the evaluation of the extent of contribution to the climate change phenomenon through emission of greenhouse gases; (v) the evaluation of the proposed mitigation measures for the previously identified environmental problems; and (vi) conclusions and recommendations. It is assessed that the total health damage from air pollution in 2010 at about to be converted to dollars 160 × 1012Rials (US$ fifteen billion); equivalent to 1. 55% of nominal GDP. The damage cost to the global environment from the flaring of natural gas, assessed on the basis of a carbon price of US$ 17/ton CO2, is found to be approximately US$1. 02billion per year.

Densities and speeds of sound of binary mixtures formed by Diethyl carbonate (DEC) with isomeric methyl phenols (2/ 3/ 4) were measured over the entire mole fraction range at 303.15 to 318.15 K at atmospheric pressure. Employing these, several excess properties viz., excess molar volume,V_m^E, excess speed of sound, uE, excess isentropic compressibility, κ_s^E, excess molar isentropic compressibility, K_(s,m)^E, and excess isobaric thermal expansion,α_p^E, of the binary systems were calculated. To better understand the solute and solvent interactions, excess partial molar volumes, and , and excess partial molar volumes, and of the components at infinite dilution also measured. The excess parameters were subjected to fitting using the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation. The findings were analysed to investigate the prevalent molecular interactions and their consequence on the structural aspects.

In the recent years, increasing of Green House Gases, degradation of environment, deforestation alongside with the limitation and decreasing of ecological foot print of the earth for supplementation of human needs are the main problems of the world. The Carbon Dioxide gas as a main factor of world climate change, carry out the 60 percent of the global heating or greenhouse effect. The main source of the carbon dioxide is the oil and its products which used for the production of power in the urban and rural areas. The over use of these energy sources lead to ecological and environmental problems. The researches show that the forestry and greenery is one of the suitable ways to dealt with the green house problems. The aim of this research is to calculate the amount of Green Space for the absorption of the co2 resulted from fossil fuels. In doing this, we used IPCC method of prediction as a methodological tool. Though one of the municipals duties is about the urban forest and green area, this article wants to investigate the Ecological foot print of fuel energy sources in the city of Shiraz in Iran. This research showed that the EF for the fuel energy sources in Shiraz was about 7352 hectare. This means that we need 7352 hectare forest to keep the environment in equal condition. But the fact is this that the green space of per capita in Shiraz must be about 51.78 m2, which means that the municipal must add another 38.61 m2 of green space per capita to the current rate. Also this research emphasized that a real calculation of per capita green space, in an urban area, must take advantages of the EF. Having the results the municipality of the Shiraz must take a serious strategy for dealing with the current environmental crises.

To date, two different approaches have been developed in the fossil fuel trade. An approach based on economic considerations that has led to the mutual alignment of fossil energy producers and consumers that seeks to control energy markets and energy trade by establishing international organizations such as OPEC and the International Energy Organization. And the second approach, based on environmental considerations, according to which all governments have stated their goal of reducing the environmental impact of fossil fuel use. Although numerous attempts have been made by both approaches to the normative development of fossil fuels, they have not led to a favorable organizational development to establish a global mechanism with general thematic and geographical competence in this field. The main question is what are the main reasons and obstacles to organizational development and the creation of a global organization in the field of fossil fuels? Also, which approach, economic or environmental, is smoother than the establishment of the WTO? Based on a descriptive-analytical study, in some cases there were formal barriers such as the monopoly structure of existing organizations and resistance to the entry of new members, and in other cases, substantial barriers related to lack of community to cover all issues related to fossil fuels. While paying attention to the fact that in order to overcome the problem of climate change, the principle of common but different responsibility of countries should be taken into consideration.

To study the relationships between pollution emitted by fossil fuels and urban development, six cities of Golestan province have been selected. The density of emitted materials such as SO2, Nox, CO, HC and SPM (suspended particle material) have been estimated by using JICA (1997) scale and also the related factors such as climate, topography and city area were considered to realize the capacity of cities air. In the other hand the development factors such as population, city area and constructed area for urbanization in the same time period have been estimated. The data analysis resulted that the air pollutants were increasing with urban development. There was linear correlation between CO and SO2 content of air cities development indices.

This study implemented to determine the levels of heavy metals pollution in roadside soils of Tehran-Damavand. The lead and Cadmium levels of roadside soil are directly related to traffic density and long-range transport in roads. Tehran-Damavand is one of the most traffic roads in Iran. Heavy metals are found in gasoline, petrol, oil, lead additives and supplement fuels. Cadmium and Lead cause to pose the risk of plants, animals, groundwater resources and finally risk of human. They cause to increase environmental risks for ecosystem. For this purpose soil samples were collected from three areas Sorkhehesar, Jajrood, Pardis at distances of 0, 10, 50 m and 5, 15 cm depth in spring, summer and autumn. Some physico-chemical characteristics were determined. Samples were digested with HNO3 4N. The concentrations of lead and Cadmium were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Lead concentration in soil samples varied from 3 to 45 mg/kg. It shows some samples are polluted. Statistical results showed that lead has negative correlation with distance and precipitation. Cadmium has negative correlation with depth and precipitation at the 0.05 level.